西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：國產SUV精品一區二區33:upbrand365.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是國產SUV精品一區二區33:西安(an)鍛(duan)銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的物理化(hua)學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發現(xian)最(zui)早而且又是(shi)(shi)常被應用(yong)得得心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)Cu、原子序數是(shi)(shi)29、原子量是(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤(ze)(ze)呈玫瑰紅色(se)(se)，比重是(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)(ruan)而韌(ren)，其延展性(xing)能好，易(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)加工(gong)，導(dao)電性(xing)及(ji)導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋(xuan)光性(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化，尤其是(shi)(shi)加熱(re)更易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化，不能做(zuo)防護性(xing)鍍層(ceng)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)用(yong)生成(cheng)(cheng)褐色(se)(se)硫(liu)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)二氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)作(zuo)用(yong)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)氯(lv)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氯(lv)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍層(ceng)具有(you)(you)良(liang)好均勻性(xing)、致(zhi)密性(xing)、附著性(xing)及(ji)拋(pao)旋(xuan)光性(xing)等(deng)，所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)其它電鍍金(jin)屬之底(di)鍍鍍層(ceng)。鍍層(ceng)可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)為防止(zhi)滲碳(tan)(tan)氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)實(shi)用(yong)于(yu)鋅鑄件電鍍打底(di)用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電鍍，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍量僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)而熔(rong)點(dian)低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加工(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝絕大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)富延展性(xing)，又能很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意(yi)圖，且色(se)(se)澤(ze)(ze)渾(hun)厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)和(he)各種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各種環境配合(he)，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)大(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑，又可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)綴裝(zhuang)飾(shi)。所(suo)以(yi)這種工(gong)藝受到(dao)很多藝術(shu)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成(cheng)(cheng)為許(xu)多壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選(xuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)加入金(jin)屬錫冶煉而成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)狀較(jiao)硬，相對延展性(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)易(yi)(yi)變形(xing)，所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)般只適于(yu)制作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)折(zhe)皺少、大(da)塊面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌(pai)等(deng)。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在天然(ran)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫等(deng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔(rong)化成(cheng)(cheng)為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)要比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)熔(rong)點(dian)卻由原初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到(dao)800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)(yi)加工(gong)，有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)準確度(du)，耐久(jiu)性(xing)好，并有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)種華貴、古雅(ya)、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩。
二、國產SUV精品一區二區33:西安鍛銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)(tong)經過不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工技術和(he)(he)工藝(yi)(yi)程序(xu)，會產生不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)視覺美(mei)感和(he)(he)觸覺美(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術之美(mei)是集材質之美(mei)、工藝(yi)(yi)之美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術之美(mei)三者綜合的(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此，學習(xi)和(he)(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)需(xu)要從這三者入(ru)手，即使是藝(yi)(yi)術欣賞也是需(xu)要這三方面來進行，如果只是從一個方面就很難了解和(he)(he)把握銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)真諦(di)和(he)(he)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)同(tong)(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材料和(he)(he)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)造(zao)型(xing)、結構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)對加(jia)(jia)工成(cheng)型(xing)工藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要求也不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所(suo)以(yi)成(cheng)型(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)作(zuo)方法主(zhu)要包括鑄(zhu)造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接(jie)(jie)、鉚接(jie)(jie)、切(qie)割(ge)等五大(da)加(jia)(jia)工成(cheng)型(xing)工藝(yi)(yi)，而且在裝飾工藝(yi)(yi)方面還主(zhu)要有鑲(xiang)嵌、雕金(jin)、鍍金(jin)和(he)(he)鍍銀(yin)三大(da)類(lei)。
（一(yi)）鑄(zhu)造工(gong)藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝是銅雕(diao)塑的(de)最古老的(de)成(cheng)型(xing)工(gong)藝之(zhi)一，它的(de)加工(gong)方法是首(shou)先(xian)要用(yong)黏土或(huo)者其它可塑材(cai)料(liao)做出原型(xing)，然后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)，之(zhi)后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)不同，主(zhu)要分為陶范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄(zhu)造
它(ta)是我國最古(gu)老的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術(shu)之一(yi)(yi)，我們的(de)祖先早在(zai)商(shang)代(dai)就(jiu)(jiu)熟練地掌握(wo)了(le)這種工藝(yi)，并用(yong)(yong)(yong)此工藝(yi)制作(zuo)了(le)大量的(de)青(qing)銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)享譽(yu)世界(jie)的(de)青(qing)銅文化。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法首先是制范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)(yong)(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)模子，制作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選細黏土(tu)敷在(zai)模型上(shang)，待半干(gan)時分(fen)塊取下陰(yin)干(gan)，干(gan)透的(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)(jiu)形成(cheng)了(le)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)分(fen)片多少視造(zao)型的(de)復(fu)雜程度(du)而定(ding)。如(ru)果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空的(de)雕(diao)塑或器物，在(zai)做(zuo)好的(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)空間(jian)距離就(jiu)(jiu)是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)造(zao)型的(de)厚(hou)度(du)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)上(shang)部(bu)要(yao)(yao)預先做(zuo)好澆(jiao)注口和(he)出氣孔。最后(hou)把(ba)內、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來，并敷上(shang)泥層進行加(jia)固。做(zuo)好上(shang)述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對于造(zao)型復(fu)雜的(de)雕(diao)塑，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無法一(yi)(yi)次(ci)成(cheng)型，因此需(xu)要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。比如(ru)全(quan)身(shen)人像雕(diao)塑，我們將其(qi)頭與(yu)身(shen)體(ti)、四肢分(fen)別(bie)制成(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將四肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫不拿(na)出，再與(yu)軀(qu)干(gan)的(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接起(qi)來，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干(gan)時四肢便(bian)與(yu)軀(qu)干(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產SUV精品一區二區33:鍛銅雕塑定制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的物理化(hua)學性質及其分類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)人類發現(xian)最(zui)早而且又是(shi)(shi)常被應用(yong)得得心應手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化學符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)Cu、原子序數是(shi)(shi)29、原子量是(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)澤(ze)(ze)呈玫瑰紅色(se)(se)，比重是(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉強度(du)：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地軟(ruan)(ruan)而韌(ren)，其延展性(xing)能好，易(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)加工(gong)，導(dao)電性(xing)及(ji)導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋(xuan)光性(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化，尤其是(shi)(shi)加熱(re)更易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化，不能做(zuo)防護性(xing)鍍層(ceng)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)用(yong)生成(cheng)(cheng)褐色(se)(se)硫(liu)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)二氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)(tan)作(zuo)用(yong)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會和(he)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)氯(lv)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氯(lv)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍層(ceng)具有(you)(you)良(liang)好均勻性(xing)、致(zhi)密性(xing)、附著性(xing)及(ji)拋(pao)旋(xuan)光性(xing)等(deng)，所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)其它電鍍金(jin)屬之底(di)鍍鍍層(ceng)。鍍層(ceng)可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)為防止(zhi)滲碳(tan)(tan)氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)(yi)可(ke)(ke)實(shi)用(yong)于(yu)鋅鑄件電鍍打底(di)用(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電鍍，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍量僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)而熔(rong)點(dian)低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加工(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)藝絕大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)富延展性(xing)，又能很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意(yi)圖，且色(se)(se)澤(ze)(ze)渾(hun)厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)和(he)各種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各種環境配合(he)，既(ji)可(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)大(da)型壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑，又可(ke)(ke)做(zuo)靈活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部點(dian)綴裝(zhuang)飾(shi)。所(suo)以(yi)這種工(gong)藝受到(dao)很多藝術(shu)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛，成(cheng)(cheng)為許(xu)多壁(bi)畫(hua)、雕塑工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首選(xuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)加入金(jin)屬錫冶煉而成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)狀較(jiao)硬，相對延展性(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)易(yi)(yi)變形(xing)，所(suo)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)般只適于(yu)制作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)折(zhe)皺少、大(da)塊面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌(pai)等(deng)。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)在天然(ran)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫等(deng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔(rong)化成(cheng)(cheng)為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度(du)要比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)熔(rong)點(dian)卻由原初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下降到(dao)800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)(yi)加工(gong)，有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)準確度(du)，耐久(jiu)性(xing)好，并有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)種華貴、古雅(ya)、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)彩。
銅(tong)(tong)經過不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工技術和(he)(he)工藝(yi)(yi)程序(xu)，會產生不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)視覺美(mei)感和(he)(he)觸覺美(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術之美(mei)是集材質之美(mei)、工藝(yi)(yi)之美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術之美(mei)三者綜合的(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此，學習(xi)和(he)(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)需(xu)要從這三者入(ru)手，即使是藝(yi)(yi)術欣賞也是需(xu)要這三方面來進行，如果只是從一個方面就很難了解和(he)(he)把握銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)藝(yi)(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)真諦(di)和(he)(he)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)同(tong)(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材料和(he)(he)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)造(zao)型(xing)、結構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕塑(su)對加(jia)(jia)工成(cheng)型(xing)工藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要求也不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所(suo)以(yi)成(cheng)型(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)作(zuo)方法主(zhu)要包括鑄(zhu)造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接(jie)(jie)、鉚接(jie)(jie)、切(qie)割(ge)等五大(da)加(jia)(jia)工成(cheng)型(xing)工藝(yi)(yi)，而且在裝飾工藝(yi)(yi)方面還主(zhu)要有鑲(xiang)嵌、雕金(jin)、鍍金(jin)和(he)(he)鍍銀(yin)三大(da)類(lei)。
（一(yi)）鑄(zhu)造工(gong)藝
鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝是銅雕(diao)塑的(de)最古老的(de)成(cheng)型(xing)工(gong)藝之(zhi)一，它的(de)加工(gong)方法是首(shou)先(xian)要用(yong)黏土或(huo)者其它可塑材(cai)料(liao)做出原型(xing)，然后再翻(fan)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)，之(zhi)后進行澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模型(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)不同，主(zhu)要分為陶范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬范(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失蠟鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱翻(fan)沙鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄(zhu)造
它(ta)是我國最古(gu)老的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術(shu)之一(yi)(yi)，我們的(de)祖先早在(zai)商(shang)代(dai)就(jiu)(jiu)熟練地掌握(wo)了(le)這種工藝(yi)，并用(yong)(yong)(yong)此工藝(yi)制作(zuo)了(le)大量的(de)青(qing)銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成(cheng)就(jiu)(jiu)了(le)享譽(yu)世界(jie)的(de)青(qing)銅文化。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法首先是制范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)(yong)(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)模子，制作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)精選細黏土(tu)敷在(zai)模型上(shang)，待半干(gan)時分(fen)塊取下陰(yin)干(gan)，干(gan)透的(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)(jiu)形成(cheng)了(le)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)分(fen)片多少視造(zao)型的(de)復(fu)雜程度(du)而定(ding)。如(ru)果要(yao)(yao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)中空的(de)雕(diao)塑或器物，在(zai)做(zuo)好的(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與(yu)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)空間(jian)距離就(jiu)(jiu)是澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后(hou)的(de)造(zao)型的(de)厚(hou)度(du)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)上(shang)部(bu)要(yao)(yao)預先做(zuo)好澆(jiao)注口和(he)出氣孔。最后(hou)把(ba)內、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來，并敷上(shang)泥層進行加(jia)固。做(zuo)好上(shang)述工作(zuo)，即可以熔銅澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)。對于造(zao)型復(fu)雜的(de)雕(diao)塑，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無法一(yi)(yi)次(ci)成(cheng)型，因此需(xu)要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。比如(ru)全(quan)身(shen)人像雕(diao)塑，我們將其(qi)頭與(yu)身(shen)體(ti)、四肢分(fen)別(bie)制成(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將四肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫不拿(na)出，再與(yu)軀(qu)干(gan)的(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接起(qi)來，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干(gan)時四肢便(bian)與(yu)軀(qu)干(gan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)了(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產SUV精品一區二區33:鍛銅雕塑定制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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